Warnier-Orr Diagram
The program works with the information. So development of information makes a program. Warnier-Orr chart is that sort of graph which gives structure of information, yield record database or last report structuredly and which underpins the tree structure. This is produced by Warnier and Orr. In reality the information is partitioned...
Concept of Structured Diagram , Structured Chart
Concept of Structured Diagram
Organized chart is the outline which gives the modularization procedure of the programming issues into littler subproblems. Each subproblems can be separated into a few subproblems. So the outline resembles a tree of which head is the principle issue and subtrees are subproblems. In reality all the organized outlines...
Idea of Structured Diagram
Idea of Structured Diagram
Organized chart is the graph which gives the modularization
procedure of the programming issues into littler subproblems. Each
subproblems can be separated into a few subproblems. So the outline is
like a tree of which head is the primary issue and...
Structured Chart
Structured ChartThis is almost a tree with a tree root at the top. The whole problem isbroken into smaller modules. This chart not only shows the way howthey are broken but also the way how the programme is controlled byparameter passing between higher and lower level modules. There areseveral rules to express all these. Now we will show the...
Concept of Structured Diagram
Concept of Structured Diagram
Structured diagram is the diagram which gives the modularization
process of the programming problems into smaller subproblems. Each
subproblems can be divided into several subproblems. So the diagram is
like a tree of which head is the main problem and subtrees are
subproblems. Actually all the structured diagrams...
Importance of the Decision Table
Importance of the Decision Table
1. This is more modular. Statisticians can use this table for
programming especially in database.
2. Tables are always attractive. Written information in decision table
format is always helpful in decision making.
3. This is easier to programme. Programmers can code the problem in
any programming language from decision...
What is a Decision Table
hWhat is a Decision Table?
Decision table is the tabular or graphical representation of problem
solving method. So this is more precise than other method of problem
solving like pseudocode. Different decisions are taken according to
different conditions. Decision table must have the scope of representing
the conditions. There are different rules which...
Use of Pseudocodes
Use of Pseudocodes
1. Pseudocode is a structured language. It can be easily used for
algorithm writing. Pseudocode is understandable to class of educated
people. This can be used as communication media of computer
people and its users.
2. This is used for communicating...
Structure of Pseudocodes
Structure of Pseudocodes
Pseudocode uses some logic patterns as the basic control structures of
structured programming.
These are: Sequence structure
The sequence structure is single steps or actions that follow one another
without interruption. The series of actions...
Definition of Pseudocodes
Definition of Pseudocodes
Pseudocode, sometimes called structured English, is a method of
expressing programme logic using plain English statements rather than a
programming language. It uses narrative statements rather than graphic
symbols such as trees of tables to describe a procedure. An advantage of
pseudocode is that system builders can concentrate...
Modularity in Flowchart
Modularity in Flowchart
Some times the same job may be repeated in different places in
flowchart. In every place of flowchart same sequence of actions are
included every time. This enlarges the flowchart and makes it unusually
big. It is difficult to understand such flowchart. So another flowchart is
used separately for this repetitive module....
Examples of Looping
Examples of Looping
Suppose you wish to visit the botanical garden, and therefore, are
looking for one of your friends to accompany you. So you take out your
book of few phones and select a likely prospect. Dial the number, make
few talk, and finally invite the friend to...
Looping in Flowchart
Looping in
Flowchart
Computers are efficient in executing repetitive
operations. In programs,
there are invariably repetitive operations, which
are needed to be
represented in flowcharts. Consider the following
flowchart where the
start block shows where the algorithm begins.
In figure 4.1 an unconditional infinite loop is
shown. The exception...
Some Symbols of Flow Chart
Some Symbols of Flow Chart
Normally, we begin from step 0 and go to the next statement and finished
at the space end unless directed to do otherwise by a GO TO instruction
as in steps 3, 6, 9, 11 and 12 in the present example. Notice that this
algorithm, like the previous one, contains an IF statement. IF statements
permit jumping around and...
Definition of Pseudocodes
10. Definition of Pseudocodes
Pseudocode, sometimes called structured English, is a method of
expressing programme logic using plain English statements rather than a
programming language. It uses narrative statements rather than graphic
symbols such as trees of tables to describe a procedure. An advantage of
pseudocode is that system builders can concentrate...
Flow Chart for Describing Algorithms
9. Flow Chart for Describing Algorithms
An algorithm is a set of instructions which when followed will produce
the solution to a given problem. Algorithms occur in noncomputing
contexts as well as in programming. You can think of the recipe for
baking a cake as an algorithm- certainly a recipe is a set of instructions
which, when followed, will result...
Writing or Expressing Algorithm
8. Writing or Expressing Algorithm
Pseudocode or structured English is suitable for expressing an algorithm.
Here, unlike natural languages, each statement has an unambiguous
meaning. Generally algorithm is expressed in any high level language
8.1 Analysis of Algorithm
Whenever you design an algorithm you must analyse it. You have to
determine the...
Use of Algorithm in Programming
Use of Algorithm in Programming
Whenever a problem is found the method of solving it should be written
in an easier way. This is called an algorithm. The step of algorithm is
converted to any programming language. A lot of intelligences is
required to design an algorithm....
Definition and Properties of Algorithm
14. Definition and Properties of Algorithm
In Webster's dictionary, the word "Algorithm" is defined as "any special
method of solving a certain kind of problem". But in computer science it
has a special meaning. It means a step by step procedure for solving a
problem by a computer. An algorithm has following properties.
1. An algorithm must be composed...
Development of programming languages
10. Scientific research
Scientific research requires computers for implementing the theory into
practice. Huge numbers of calculations are required for this purpose.
Only a computer program can help the scientists out. There are some
programs which are useful for scientific calculations. For example,
FORTRAN, C++, Mathematica, Math Lab. Simulation...
Developing the system
8. Developing the system
Demand increases day by day. So new systems should be introduced.
This is done by introducing new programs and new versions of
programs. Sometimes new machines come up with extra facilities.
Existing systems may not support these facilities. At that time developed
programs are necessary for better utilisation of machines.
9.Scientific...
Purpose of Programming
5. Fourth Generation Languages
Scientists are trying to develop computer languages like human
languages. They have not been successful but may be successful in near
future. These languages have greater built-in facility such as database
query, searching, sorting and interfacing. FoxPro, Cobol, Visual Basic,
MS Access, Oracle Forms and Reports, SQL...
Principles of Programming
3. Different Types of Language
Low level languages
In old days computers were very large and were not much reliable.
Programming was done by switches and there was no facility to use the
program. This approach of computer programming was completely a
hardware technology. Next the approach of machine language comes up.
In this approach instruction...
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Definition of Programming
Programming is writing instructions for a machine specially a computer.
The machine which works differently according to the instructions given
to it is called a programmable machine. The jobs of these machines are
not fixed. We can change the working plan of the machine by changing
the instructions or programs. Computers...
